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Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) was an Austrian monk and scientist whose experiments with pea plants in the garden of his monastery established the fundamental principles of heredity. Though his work was largely ignored during his lifetime, it was rediscovered around 1900 and became the foundation of modern genetics, earning him the title 'Father of Genetics.' More Less
Jul 20, 1822
Gregor Johann Mendel was born on 20 July 1822. He would grow up to become an Austrian biologist, meteorologist, mathematician, and Augustinian friar, ultimately known as the founder of modern genetics.
Image source: Gregor Mendel
1840 - 1843
From 1840 to 1843, Mendel studied practical and theoretical philosophy and physics at the Philosophical Institute of the University of Olomouc, taking another year off because of illness.
1850
In 1850, Mendel failed the oral part, the last of three parts, of his exams to become a certified high school teacher, a setback that shaped his later academic path.
1851 - 1853
In 1851, Mendel was sent to the University of Vienna to study under the sponsorship of Abbot Cyril František Napp so that he could get a more formal education.
1853
Mendel returned to his abbey in 1853 as a teacher, principally of physics, continuing his scientific interests alongside his monastic duties.
1856
In 1856, Mendel took the exam to become a certified teacher and again failed the oral part, despite his growing scientific accomplishments.
1854
In 1854, Mendel met Aleksander Zawadzki, who encouraged his research in Brno, helping to foster the scientific environment in which his experiments would flourish.
1856
In 1856, Mendel began his famous pea plant experiments. Between 1856 and 1863 he cultivated and tested some 28,000 plants, the majority of which were pea plants (Pisum sativum), establishing many of the rules of heredity now called the laws of Mendelian inheritance.
1862
In the summer of 1862, Mendel joined an organised group tour to Paris and London, where he visited the International Exhibition and major scientific sites, a trip that may have influenced the final stage of his hybridisation research.
1865
Mendel also studied astronomy and meteorology, founding the 'Austrian Meteorological Society' in 1865, demonstrating the breadth of his scientific interests beyond heredity.
Feb 8, 1865 - Mar 8, 1865
Mendel presented his paper, Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden ('Experiments on Plant Hybridization'), at two meetings of the Natural History Society of Brno in Moravia on 8 February and 8 March 1865.
1866
When Mendel's paper was published in 1866 in Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, it was seen as essentially about hybridization rather than inheritance, had little impact, and was cited only about three times over the next thirty-five years. It demonstrated the actions of invisible 'factors'—now called genes—in predictably determining the traits of an organism.
1867
In 1867, Mendel succeeded Abbot Cyril František Napp as abbot of the monastery, taking on significant leadership responsibilities within the Augustinian order.
1868
After he was elevated as abbot in 1868, Mendel's scientific work largely ended, as he became overburdened with administrative responsibilities, especially a dispute with the civil government over its attempt to impose special taxes on religious institutions.
Jan 6, 1884
Mendel died on 6 January 1884, at the age of 61, in Brno, from chronic nephritis, before the profound significance of his work was recognized by the scientific world.
1875 - 1899
It was not appreciated until the end of the nineteenth century that many hawkweed species, on which Mendel had also experimented, were apomictic, producing most of their seeds through an asexual process—explaining his difficulties with those plants.
1900
The profound significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century with the rediscovery of his laws. By 1900, research aimed at finding a successful theory of discontinuous inheritance led to independent duplication of his work and the rediscovery of Mendel's writings and laws.
1900
Erich von Tschermak, Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns independently verified several of Mendel's experimental findings in 1900, ushering in the modern age of genetics. All three researchers, each from a different country, published their rediscovery of Mendel's work within a two-month span in the spring of 1900.
1900 - 1920
The debate between the biometricians and the Mendelians was extremely vigorous in the first two decades of the 20th century, with the biometricians claiming statistical and mathematical rigor, whereas the Mendelians claimed a better understanding of biology.
1918
Fisher as early as 1918 contributed to reconciling Mendelian genetics with continuous variation, laying groundwork for modern population genetics.
1936
In 1936, Ronald Fisher, a prominent statistician and population geneticist, reconstructed Mendel's experiments, analyzed results from the F2 generation, and found the ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes to be implausibly and consistently too close to the expected ratio of 3 to 1, raising questions about Mendel's data.
1970
Mount Mendel in New Zealand's Paparoa Range was named after Gregor Mendel in 1970 by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, honoring his scientific legacy.
2004
In a 2004 article, J.W. addressed the controversy over Mendel's experimental results, contributing to ongoing scholarly discussion about whether Mendel's data was too good to be true.
2008
In 2008 Hartl and Fairbanks (with Allan Franklin and AWF Edwards) wrote a comprehensive book in which they concluded that there were no reasons to assert Mendel fabricated his results, nor that Fisher deliberately tried to diminish Mendel's legacy.
2021
The exhumation of Mendel's corpse in 2021 delivered some physiognomic details like body height (168 cm (66 in)), shedding new light on the physical characteristics of the father of genetics.
2022
In a 2022 biography, Daniel Fairbanks argued that Napp could hardly have given such a pronouncement, as Napp personally oversaw sheep breeding on the monastery's extensive agricultural estate, revising historical understanding of Mendel's mentorship.
2025
The nature of the genes behind Mendel's factors remained mysterious for more than a century. The effort to identify them lasted until 2025, when the last three of the seven Mendel genes were identified in the pea genome, completing a long process of discovery of the actual genes.
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